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[A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.^[1] More broadly, “the sea” is the interconnected system of Earth‘s salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth’s climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored sinceprehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s.^[2] The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO‘s four named oceans^[3] (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean;^[4] smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas. Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7).^[5] Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea aresodium chloride.].